Ramsey County History – Winter 1995:

Money—And How They Fared When There Wasn’t Any Out on Minnesota’s Frontier

Author: Ronald M. Hubbs

In Minnesota from the middle to the end of the nineteenth century hard currency was usually scare and often it had depreciated in value, especially during the several financial panics the nation experienced. The author explained how people coped by using barter and other ways to deal with this this problem.

PDF of Hubbs article